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Contents

Part I. Introduction to physical Activity Epidemiology Chapter 1. Origins of Physical Activity Epidemiology Ancient History of Physical Activity and Health Modern History of Physical Activity and Health Physical Activity for Health Promotion in the United States and the World Summary Bibliography Chapter 2. Concepts and Methods in Physical Activity Epidemiology Epidemiologic Measures Crude, Specific, and Standardized Rates Research Design in Epidemiologic Studies Evaluating Associations in Epidemiologic Studies Models in Physical Activity Epidemiology Inferring Cause in Epidemiologic Studies Criteria for Causation Summary Bibliography Chapter 3. Measurement and Surveillance of Physical Activity and Fitness Why Is Behavioral Epidemiology Important? What Is Physical Activity? Measures of Physical Activity What Is Physical Fitness? Surveys and Surveillance of Physical Activity Summary Bibliography Part II. Physical Activity and Disease Mortality Chapter 4. All-Cause Mortality Life Expectancy at Birth Major Causes of Mortality Physical Activity and All-Cause Mortality Sedentary Behavior and All-Cause Mortality Physical Fitness and All-Cause Mortality Changes in Physical Activity or Fitness and All-Cause Mortality Are the Associations Real? Strength of the Evidence How Much Physical Activity Is Needed to Decrease Risk of Premature Mortality? Summary Bibliography Chapter 5. Coronary Heart Disease History and Magnitude of the Problem Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors Coronary Heart Disease Etiology Physical Activity and Coronary Heart Disease Sedentary Behavior and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Physical Fitness and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Individuals With Other Risk Factors or Existing Coronary Heart Disease Physical Inactivity Compared With Other Risk Factors Are the Associations Real? Strength of the Evidence How Much Physical Activity Is Needed to Decrease Coronary Heart Disease Risk? Summary Bibliography Chapter 6. Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke Magnitude of the Problem Risk Factors for Stroke Etiology of Stroke Physical Activity and Stroke Risk: The Evidence Strength of the Evidence Summary Bibliography Part III. Physical Activity and Risk Factors Chapter 7. Physical Activity and Hypertension Magnitude of the Problem Treating Hypertension Hypertension Etiology Autonomic Nervous System Physical Activity and Reduced Hypertension Risk: The Evidence Physical Activity and Treatment of Hypertension: The Evidence Strength of the Evidence Summary Bibliography Chapter 8. Physical Activity and Dyslipidemia Magnitude of the Problem Drug Treatment Dyslipidemia Etiology and Physical Activity Physical Activity and Lipoprotein Levels: The Evidence Strength of the Evidence Summary Bibliography Chapter 9. Physical Activity and Obesity Magnitude of the Problem Treatment of Overweight and Obesity Assessing and Defining Overweight and Obesity Etiology of Overweight and Obesity: Set Point or Settling Point? Physical Activity and Fitness and the Health Risks of Obesity: The Evidence Physical Activity and Prevention of Excess Weight Gain: The Evidence Physical Activity and Weight Loss: The Evidence Physical Activity and Weight Maintenance: The Evidence The Ultimate Goal: Weight Loss or Risk Reduction? Summary Bibliography Part IV. Physical Activity and Chronic Diseases Chapter 10. Physical Activity and Diabetes Magnitude of the Problem Demographics of Diabetes Clinical Features Health Burden of Diabetes Risk Factors Insulin and Glucose Transport Etiology of Type 2 Diabetes Effects of Physical Activity on Diabetes Risk: The Evidence Strength of the Evidence Summary Bibliography Chapter 11. Physical Activity and Osteoporosis Magnitude of the Problem Fractures and Mortality Etiology of Osteopenia and Osteoporosis Risk Factors and Prevention Bone Measurement Techniques Physical Activity and Osteoporosis: The Evidence Strength of the Evidence Summary Bibliography Part V. Physical Activity, Cancer, and Immunity Chapter 12. Physical Activity and Cancer Magnitude of the Problem Etiology of Cancer Risk Factors Population Studies of Physical Activity: Specificity of Protection? Colon and Rectal Cancer Breast Cancer Other Cancers Physical Activity and Cancer Survivors Summary Bibliography Chapter 13. Physical Activity and the Immune System An Abridged History of Immunology HIV and AIDS The Immune System Immunomodulation by the Nervous and Endocrine System Physical Activity and Immunity: The Evidence Mechanisms of Alterations in Monocytes, Granulocytes, and Natural Killer Cells After Acute Exercise Exercise and Cytokines Summary Bibliography Part VI. Physical Activity and Special Concerns Chapter 14. Physical Activity and Mental Health Depression Magnitude of the Problem Results From the National Comorbidity Survey Etiology of Depression Brain Neurobiology in Depression Treatment of Depression Physical Activity and Depression: The Evidence Anxiety Disorders Magnitude of the Problem Etiology of Anxiety Disorders Brain Neurobiology in Anxiety Disorders Treatment of Anxiety Disorders Physical Activity and Anxiety: The Evidence Cognitive Function and Dementia Physical Activity and Cognitive Function: The Evidence Summary Bibliography Chapter 15. Physical Activity and Special Populations Physical Activity Among Diverse Racial-Ethnic Populations Physical Activity and Disability Inactivity and Aging Physical Activity and Long-Term Health Amoung People With Disabilities Role of Physical Activity in the Prevention of Secondary Complications Summary Bibliography Chapter 16. Adverse Events and Hazards of Physical Activity Magnitude of the Problem Evaluating Risk Methods of Research Myocardial Infarction and Sudden Death Joint and Muscle Injury Injury Features Risk of Physical Activity Injuries: The Evidence Other Medical Hazards Psychological Hazards Summary Bibliography Chapter 17. Adopting and Maintaining a Physically Active Lifestyle Individual Barriers to Physical Activity How Do People Decide to Be Active? Environmental Barriers to Physical Activity Genetics of Physical Activity Environmental Intervention and Self-Regulation Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions Interventions to Increase Physical Activity Mediators and Moderators of Physical Activity Change and Interventions Features of Physical Activity That Promote Adoption and Maintenance Summary Bibliography

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